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Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad, Virdee, Bal Singh, Zakeri, Hassan, Limiti, Ernesto and Saber, Takfarinas (2026) Design guidelines using groove gap-waveguide technology for realizing a millimeter-wave 4×4 Butler Beamforming Matrix for space multiplexing. In: 2025 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2-5 December 2025, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
This paper presents a practical design guideline for implementing a 4×4 Butler Beamforming Matrix (BBM) using Groove Gap-Waveguide (GGW) technology to enable multi-beam functionality. The proposed BBM consists of 3-dB hybrid directional couplers, crossovers, phase shifters, and phase compensators. A GGW-inspired unit-cell is optimized to provide a wide stopband spanning 22–40GHz. This unit-cell is employed to realize the BBM’s structural components, ensuring broadband operation across 30–40GHz and achieving the required phase shifts for multi-beam capability. By integrating these components according to the proposed architecture, a compact and efficient 4×4 BBM suitable for antenna arrays in space multiplexing systems is realized. This design approach can be extended to other beamforming networks such as Nolen and larger-scale Butler matrices. Key advantages include a straightforward design process, wideband operation, low-loss, low-profile, ease of fabrication, and cost-effectiveness, making it well-suited for applications in satellite communications, space multiplexing, and radar tracking systems at millimeter-wave frequencies.
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.
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